Zearalenone damages the male reproductive system of rats by destroying testicular focal adhesion.

Zearalenone (ZEA), a common mycotoxin in animal feed, is harmful to public health and causes huge economic losses. The potential target proteins of ZEA and its derivatives were screened using the PharmMapper database and the related genes (proteins) of the testis were obtained from Genecards. We obtained 144 potential targets of ZEA and its derivatives related to the testis using Venn diagrams. The PPI analysis showed that ZEA had the most targets in testis, followed by ZAN, α-ZAL, ß-ZEL, α-ZEL, and ß-ZAL. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses evaluated the metabolic and cancer pathways. We further screened four hub genes: RAC3, CCND1, EP300, and CTNNB1. Eight key biological processes were obtained by GO analysis, and four important pathways were identified by KEGG analysis. Animal and cell experimental results confirmed that ZEA could inhibit the expression of four key KEGG pathway protein components and four hub proteins that interfere with cell adhesion by inhibiting the focal adhesion structure of the testis, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells. Collectively, our findings reveal that the destruction of the focal adhesion structure in the testis is the mechanism through which ZEA damages the male reproductive system.

Octa-arginine and Octa-lysine Promote Cell Adhesion through Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Integrins.

Octa-arginine (R8) has been extensively studied as a cell-penetrating peptide. R8 binds to diverse transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), including syndecans, and is internalized by cells. R8 is also reported to bind to integrin ß1. In this study, we evaluated the biological activities of R8 and octa-lysine (K8), a peptide similar to R8, with a focus on cell adhesion. R8 and K8 were immobilized on aldehyde-agarose matrices via covalent conjugation, and the effect of these peptides on cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation was examined using human dermal fibroblasts. The results indicated that R8- and K8-matrices mediate cell adhesion mainly via HSPGs. Moreover, R8- and K8-matrices interacted with integrin ß1 and promote cell spreading and proliferation. These results are useful for further understanding of the R8-membrane interactions and the cellular uptake mechanisms. In addition, the R8- and K8-matrices may potentially be used as a multi-functional biomaterial to promote cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation.

Biomimetic nanoparticles blocking autophagy for enhanced chemotherapy and metastasis inhibition via reversing focal adhesion disassembly.

BACKGROUND: Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process, which plays an important role in regulating tumor cell motility and degrading protein aggregates. Chemotherapy-induced autophagy may lead to tumor distant metastasis and even chemo-insensitivity in the therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, a vast majority of HCC cases do not produce a significant response to monotherapy with autophagy inhibitors. RESULTS: In this work, we developed a biomimetic nanoformulation (TH-NP) co-encapsulating Oxaliplatin (OXA)/hydroxychloroquine (HCQ, an autophagy inhibitor) to execute targeted autophagy inhibition, reduce tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro and attenuate metastasis in vivo. The tumor cell-specific ligand TRAIL was bioengineered to be stably expressed on HUVECs and the resultant membrane vesicles were wrapped on OXA/HCQ-loaded PLGA nanocores. Especially, TH-NPs could significantly improve OXA and HCQ effective concentration by approximately 21 and 13 times in tumor tissues compared to the free mixture of HCQ/OXA. Moreover, the tumor-targeting TH-NPs released HCQ alkalized the acidic lysosomes and inhibited the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, leading to effective blockade of autophagic flux. In short, the system largely improved chemotherapeutic performance of OXA on subcutaneous and orthotopic HCC mice models. Importantly, TH-NPs also exhibited the most effective inhibition of tumor metastasis in orthotopic HCCLM3 models, and in the HepG2, Huh-7 or HCCLM3 metastatic mice models. Finally, we illustrated the enhanced metastasis inhibition was attributed to the blockade or reverse of the autophagy-mediated degradation of focal adhesions (FAs) including E-cadherin and paxillin. CONCLUSIONS: TH-NPs can perform an enhanced chemotherapy and antimetastatic effect, and may represent a promising strategy for HCC therapy in clinics.

Cathepsin K Regulates Intraocular Pressure by Modulating Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Actin-Bundling in the Trabecular Meshwork Outflow Pathway.

The homeostasis of extracellular matrix (ECM) and actin dynamics in the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway plays a critical role in intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. We studied the role of cathepsin K (CTSK), a lysosomal cysteine protease and a potent collagenase, on ECM modulation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in the TM outflow pathway and the regulation of IOP. Initially, we found that CTSK was negatively regulated by pathological stressors known to elevate IOP. Further, inactivating CTSK using balicatib, a pharmacological cell-permeable inhibitor of CTSK, resulted in IOP elevation due to increased levels and excessive deposition of ECM-like collagen-1A in the TM outflow pathway. The loss of CTSK activity resulted in actin-bundling via fascin and vinculin reorganization and by inhibiting actin depolymerization via phospho-cofilin. Contrarily, constitutive expression of CTSK decreased ECM and increased actin depolymerization by decreasing phospho-cofilin, negatively regulated the availability of active TGFß2, and reduced the levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), indicating an antifibrotic action of CTSK. In conclusion, these observations, for the first time, demonstrate the significance of CTSK in IOP regulation by maintaining the ECM homeostasis and actin cytoskeleton-mediated contractile properties of the TM outflow pathway.

Serum circulating proteins from pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy cause pathologic remodeling and cardiomyocyte stiffness.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and main indication for heart transplantation in children. Therapies specific to pediatric DCM remain limited due to lack of a disease model. Our previous study showed that treatment of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) with serum from nonfailing or DCM pediatric patients activates the fetal gene program (FGP). Here we show that serum treatment with proteinase K prevents activation of the FGP, whereas RNase treatment exacerbates it, suggesting that circulating proteins, but not circulating miRNAs, promote these pathological changes. Evaluation of the protein secretome showed that midkine (MDK) is upregulated in DCM serum, and NRVM treatment with MDK activates the FGP. Changes in gene expression in serum-treated NRVMs, evaluated by next-generation RNA-Seq, indicated extracellular matrix remodeling and focal adhesion pathways were upregulated in pediatric DCM serum and in DCM serum-treated NRVMs, suggesting alterations in cellular stiffness. Cellular stiffness was evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy, which showed an increase in stiffness in DCM serum-treated NRVMs. Of the proteins increased in DCM sera, secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) was a potential candidate for the increase in cellular stiffness, and sFRP1 treatment of NRVMs recapitulated the increase in cellular stiffness observed in response to DCM serum treatment. Our results show that serum circulating proteins promoted pathological changes in gene expression and cellular stiffness, and circulating miRNAs were protective against pathological changes.

Functional, proteomic and phenotypic in vitro studies evidence podocyte injury after chronic exposure to heparin.

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is a widely used anticoagulant that possess numerous properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-metastatic effects. The effect of this drug was evaluated on the podocyte, an important actor of the glomerular filtration. Using a functional approach, we demonstrate that heparin treatment leads to a functional podocyte perturbation characterized by the increase of podocyte monolayer permeability. This effect is enhanced with time of exposure. Proteomic study reveals that heparin down regulate focal adhesion and cytoskeletal protein expressions as well as the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane components. This study clearly demonstrates that UFH may affect podocyte function by altering cytoskeleton organization, cell-cell contacts and cell attachment.

The GAS6-AXL signaling pathway triggers actin remodeling that drives membrane ruffling, macropinocytosis, and cancer-cell invasion.

AXL, a member of the TAM (TYRO3, AXL, MER) receptor tyrosine kinase family, and its ligand, GAS6, are implicated in oncogenesis and metastasis of many cancer types. However, the exact cellular processes activated by GAS6-AXL remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified an interactome of AXL and revealed its associations with proteins regulating actin dynamics. Consistently, GAS6-mediated AXL activation triggered actin remodeling manifested by peripheral membrane ruffling and circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs). This further promoted macropinocytosis that mediated the internalization of GAS6-AXL complexes and sustained survival of glioblastoma cells grown under glutamine-deprived conditions. GAS6-induced CDRs contributed to focal adhesion turnover, cell spreading, and elongation. Consequently, AXL activation by GAS6 drove invasion of cancer cells in a spheroid model. All these processes required the kinase activity of AXL, but not TYRO3, and downstream activation of PI3K and RAC1. We propose that GAS6-AXL signaling induces multiple actin-driven cytoskeletal rearrangements that contribute to cancer-cell invasion.

Morin Acts as a USP7 Inhibitor to Hold Back the Migration of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in a "Prickle1-mTORC2" Dependent Manner.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and detailed mechanisms of morin, an anti-arthritis compound widely distributed in foods of plant origin, on the pathological migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). METHODS AND RESULTS: The migration of FLS collected from arthritis rats and MH7A cells is induced by platelet-derived growth factor, and an arthritis model in rats is established by Freund's complete adjuvant. The results show that morin remarkably restrains FLS migration but slightly affects FLS apoptosis and proliferation. Moreover, in the progression of FLS migration, focal adhesion (FA) turnover is inhibited by morin via lowering the activation of Paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and internalization of integrin ß1. Morin disrupts the formation of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and the activation of AKT (S473) and PKCα (S657), and MHY1485 reverses morin-limited FLS migration. Of note, the protein stability of Prickle1, a binding factor of Rictor, is reduced by morin, and MG132 but not Baf A1 shows a repressive effect. Finally, the target protein is identified as ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) but not USP9X. USP7 overexpressing plasmid weakens morin-affected protein and ubiquitination of Prickle1, and mechanisms are confirmed in vivo by using an overexpressing plasmid and inhibitor. CONCLUSION: Morin restricts FLS migration and arthritis by intervening in "USP7-Prickle1-mTORC2" signaling and FA turnover.

High ligand density drives extensive spreading and motility on soft GelMA gels.

In comparison to synthetic hydrogels where ligand density and stiffness can be independently tuned, cell responses are expected to deviate on native biopolymer networks where ligand density and stiffness are coupled. Here we probe the tensional homeostasis of fibroblasts on methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) gels, which are widely used in tissue engineering applications. On 5%-15% GelMA gels which are very soft (10-100's of Pa's in stiffness), fibroblasts were found to spread extensively and assemble prominent stress fibers and focal adhesions. Probing of contractile mechanics using trypsin-induced detachment revealed adhesive drag, but not contractility, was sensitive to GelMA concentration. Contractility-altering drugs blebbistatin and nocodazole, which exhibited opposite effects on focal adhesion size, both led to reduction in adhesive drag and cell rounding. However, cell motility was impacted only in nocodazole-treated cells. Collectively, our experiments suggest that on soft GelMA gels, contractility-independent adhesion clustering mediated by high ligand density can drive cell spreading and motility.

Actin polymerization state regulates osteogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Actin is an essential cellular protein that assembles into microfilaments and regulates numerous processes such as cell migration, maintenance of cell shape, and material transport. METHODS: In this study, we explored the effect of actin polymerization state on the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). The hASCs were treated for 7 days with different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 nM) of jasplakinolide (JAS), a reagent that directly polymerizes F-actin. The effects of the actin polymerization state on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and the maturity of focal adhesion-related proteins were assessed. In addition, western blotting and alizarin red staining assays were performed to assess osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS: Cell proliferation and migration in the JAS (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 nM) groups were higher than in the control group and the JAS (50 nM) group. The FAK, vinculin, paxillin, and talin protein expression levels were highest in the JAS (20 nM) group, while zyxin expression was highest in the JAS (50 nM) group. Western blotting showed that osteogenic differentiation in the JAS (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 nM) group was enhanced compared with that in the control group, and was strongest in the JAS (50 nM) group. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our data suggest that the actin polymerization state may promote the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs by regulating the protein expression of focal adhesion-associated proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings provide valuable information for exploring the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation in hASCs.

Paradoxical activation of c-Src as a drug-resistant mechanism.

ATP-competitive inhibitors have been developed as promising anti-cancer agents. However, drug-resistance frequently occurs, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that the activation of c-Src and its downstream phosphorylation cascade can be paradoxically induced by Src-targeted and RTK-targeted kinase inhibitors. We reveal that inhibitor binding induces a conformational change in c-Src, leading to the association of the active form c-Src with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Reduction of the inhibitor concentration results in the dissociation of inhibitors from the c-Src-FAK complex, which allows c-Src to phosphorylate FAK and initiate FAK-Grb2-mediated Erk signaling. Furthermore, a drug-resistant mutation in c-Src, which reduces the affinity of inhibitors for c-Src, converts Src inhibitors into facilitators of cell proliferation by enhancing the phosphorylation of FAK and Erk in c-Src-mutated cells. Our data thus reveal paradoxical enhancement of cell growth evoked by target-based kinase inhibitors, providing potentially important clues for the future development of effective and safe cancer treatment.

Role of Src/FAK in migration and invasion mediated by extracellular vesicles from MDA-MB-231 cells stimulated with linoleic acid.

Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in occidental diets, which mediate a variety of processes in human breast cancer cells, including migration and invasion. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles released from endosomes and plasma membrane that are composed of a variety of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. EVs from cancer cells promote processes related with cancer progression. In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with EVs from MDA-MB-231 cells stimulated with LA (LA EVs) promote migration and invasion via Src activity. LA EVs induce activation of FAK via Src activity and of Src and Akt2. LA EVs also induce the assembly of focal adhesions and MMP-9 secretion. These findings demonstrate that LA EVs mediate an autocrine and/or paracrine Src/FAK signaling pathway to promote migration and invasion.

Vacuolin-1 inhibits endosomal trafficking and metastasis via CapZß.

Metastasis is the fundamental cause of cancer mortality, but there are still very few anti-metastatic drugs available. Endosomal trafficking has been implicated in tumor metastasis, and we have previously found that small chemical vacuolin-1 (V1) potently inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion and general endosomal-lysosomal degradation. Here, we assessed the anti-metastatic activity of V1 both in vitro and in vivo. V1 significantly inhibits colony formation, migration, and invasion of various cancer cells in vitro. It also compromises the assembly-disassembly dynamics of focal adhesions (FAs) by inhibiting the recycling and degradation of integrins. In various experimental or transgenic mouse models, V1 significantly suppresses the metastasis and/or tumor growth of breast cancer or melanoma. We further identified capping protein Zß (CapZß) as a V1 binding protein and showed that it is required for the V1-mediated inhibition of migration and metastasis of cancer cells. Collectively, our results indicate that V1 targets CapZß to inhibit endosomal trafficking and metastasis.

Integrative analysis of epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to identify key targets and pathways of Weining granule for gastric cancer.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Weining granule (WNG) is a "Qi-Enriching and Kidney-Tonifying, Spleen-Reinforcing and Stasis-Removing" formula for gastric cancer (GC). Past research we noted WNG inhibited cell growth and raised apoptosis in GC. However, the underlying mechanism of WNG for GC have yet to be systematically clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY: We sought to characterize the molecular landscape of GC cells in vitro after WNG treated, to identify the molecular targets and pathways that were associated with WNG for inducing the apoptosis of GC cells, and further to clarify underlying molecular mechanism of WNG for GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed the techniques of RNA sequencing, tandem mass tags (TMT) based quantitative proteomics, and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) in WNG-treated/or untreated SGC-7901 GC cells to gain a comprehensive molecular portrait of WNG treatment. Then we integrated methylomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics data to carry out the bioinformatics analysis, and constructed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify molecular targets, and to discover the underlying signaling pathways associated with WNG for GC by network analysis. Besides, we verified the candidate target genes by Kaplan-Meier plotter database. RESULTS: We identified 1249 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA expression datasets, 191 significant differentially abunabundant proteins (DAPs) from proteomics datasets, and 8293 significant differentially methylated regions (DMRs) from DNA methylation datasets. GO and KEGG analysis showed DEGs, DAPs, and DMRs enriched in the cancer-related biological processes of calcium signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, metabolic pathways, MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. We integrated three profile datasets and performed network analysis to distinguish the hub genes, and finally the genes of SOD2, HMOX1, MMP1, SRXN1, NOTCH1, MAPK14, TXNIP, VEGFA, POLR2F, and HSPA9 were identified. The Kaplan-Meier plotter confirmed that SOD2, MMP1, SRXN1, NOTCH1, MAPK14, TXNIP, VEGFA, and HSPA9 were significantly correlated with OS in GC patients (P < 0.01), while HMOX1 and POLR2F expression were not significantly relevant to survival of GC patients (P > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SOD2, MMP1, SRXN1, NOTCH1, MAPK14, TXNIP, VEGFA, and HSPA9 were the predictive pharmaceutical targets of WNG for GC. The anticancer function of WNG was significantly associated with the pathways of focal adhesion pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway.

Adhesion-dependent Caveolin-1 Tyrosine-14 phosphorylation is regulated by FAK in response to changing matrix stiffness.

Integrin-mediated adhesion regulates cellular responses to changes in the mechanical and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrix. Cell-matrix adhesion regulates caveolar endocytosis, dependent on caveolin 1 (Cav1) Tyr14 phosphorylation (pY14Cav1), to control anchorage-dependent signaling. We find that cell-matrix adhesion regulates pY14Cav1 levels in mouse fibroblasts. Biochemical fractionation reveals endogenous pY14Cav1 to be present in caveolae and focal adhesions (FA). Adhesion does not affect caveolar pY14Cav1, supporting its regulation at FA, in which PF-228-mediated inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) disrupts. Cell adhesion on 2D polyacrylamide matrices of increasing stiffness stimulates Cav1 phosphorylation, which is comparable to the phosphorylation of FAK. Inhibition of FAK across varying stiffnesses shows it regulates pY14Cav1 more prominently at higher stiffness. Taken together, these studies reveal the presence of FAK-pY14Cav1 crosstalk at FA, which is regulated by cell-matrix adhesion.

KANK family proteins in cancer.

The Kank (kidney or KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing) family of proteins has been described as essential for crosstalk between actin and microtubules. Kank1, 2, 3 and 4 arose by gene duplication and diversification and share conserved structural domains. KANK proteins are localised mainly to the plasma membrane in focal adhesions, indirectly affecting RhoA and Rac1 thus regulating actin cytoskeleton. In addition, Kank proteins are part of the cortical microtubule stabilisation complex regulating microtubules. Most of the data have been collected for Kank1 protein whose expression promotes apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest while Kank3 was identified as hypoxia-inducible proapoptotic target of p53. A discrepancy in Kanks role in regulation of cell migration and sensitivity to antitumour drugs has been observed in different cell models. Since expression of Kank1 and 3 correlate positively with tumour progression and patient outcome, at least in some tumour types, they are candidates for tumour suppressors.

An AKT2-specific nanobody that targets the hydrophobic motif induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy and loss of focal adhesions in MDA-MB-231 cells.

The AKT kinase family is a high-profile target for cancer therapy. Despite their high degree of homology the three AKT isoforms (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) are non-redundant and can even have opposing functions. Small-molecule AKT inhibitors affect all three isoforms which severely limits their usefulness as research tool or therapeutic. Using AKT2-specific nanobodies we examined the function of endogenous AKT2 in breast cancer cells. Two AKT2 nanobodies (Nb8 and Nb9) modulate AKT2 and reduce MDA-MB-231 cell viability/proliferation. Nb8 binds the AKT2 hydrophobic motif and reduces IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of this site. This nanobody also affects the phosphorylation and/or expression levels of a wide range of proteins downstream of AKT, resulting in a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, the induction of autophagy, a reduction in focal adhesion count and loss of stress fibers. While cell cycle progression is likely to be regulated by more than one isoform, our results indicate that both the effects on autophagy and the cytoskeleton are specific to AKT2. By using an isoform-specific nanobody we were able to map a part of the AKT2 pathway. Our results confirm AKT2 and the hydrophobic motif as targets for cancer therapy. Nb8 can be used as a research tool to study AKT2 signalling events and aid in the design of an AKT2-specific inhibitor.

HCK can serve as novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for Breast Cancer patients.

The role of HCK expression in the prognosis of breast cancer patients is unclear. Thus, this study aimed to explore the clinical implications of HCK expression in breast cancer. We assessed HCK expression and genetic variations in breast cancer using Oncomine, GEPIA, UALCAN, and cBioPortal databases. Then, immunochemistry was used to analyze HCK expression in breast cancer specimens, non-cancer tissues and metastatic cancer tissues. Consequently, we evaluated the effect of HCK expression on survival outcomes set as disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Finally, STRING, Coexpedia, and TISIDB database were explored to identify the molecular functions and regulation pathways of HCK. We found that breast cancer tissues have more HCK mRNA transcripts than non-cancer tissues. Patients with HCK expression had significantly shorter DFS and OS. The ratio of HCK expression was higher in cancer tissues than in non-cancer tissues. These results from STRING database, FunRich software, and TISIDB database showed that HCK was involved in mediating multiple biological processes including immune response-regulating signaling pathway, cell growth and maintenance through multiple signaling pathways including epithelial to mesenchymal transition, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Overall, HCK may be an oncogene in the development of breast cancer and thus may as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer.

Linarin and its aglycone acacetin abrogate actin ring formation and focal contact to bone matrix of bone-resorbing osteoclasts through inhibition of αvß3 integrin and core-linked CD44.

BACKGROUND: Since enhanced bone resorption due to osteoclast differentiation and activation cause skeletal diseases, there is a growing need in therapeutics for combating bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Botanical antioxidants are being increasingly investigated for their health-promoting effects on bone. Edible Cirsium setidens contains various polyphenols of linarin, pectolinarin, and apigenin with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether linarin present in Cirsium setidens water extracts (CSE) and its aglycone acacetin inhibited osteoclastogenesis of RANKL-exposed RAW 264.7 murine macrophages for 5 days. METHODS: This study assessed the osteoprotective effects of CSE, linarin and acacetin on RANKL-induced differentiation and activation of osteoclasts by using MTT assay, TRAP staining, Western blot analysis, bone resorption assay actin ring staining, adhesion assay and immunocytochemical assay. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of their osteoprotection, and identified major components present in CSE by HPLC analysis. RESULTS: Linarin and pectolinarin were identified as major components of CSE. Nontoxic linarin and acacetin as well as CSE, but not pectolinarin attenuated the RANKL-induced macrophage differentiation into multinucleated osteoclasts, and curtailed osteoclastic bone resorption through reducing lacunar acidification and bone matrix degradation in the osteoclast-bone interface. Linarin and acacetin in CSE reduced the transmigration and focal contact of osteoclasts to bone matrix-mimicking RGD peptide. Such reduction was accomplished by inhibiting the induction of integrins, integrin-associated proteins of paxillin and gelsolin, cdc42 and CD44 involved in the formation of actin rings. The inhibition of integrin-mediated actin ring formation by linarin and acacetin entailed the disruption of TRAF6-c-Src-PI3K signaling of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The functional inhibition of c-Src was involved in the loss of F-actin-enriched podosome core protein cortactin-mediated actin assembly due to linarin and acacetin. CONCLUSION: These observations demonstrate that CSE, linarin and acacetin were effective in retarding osteoclast function of focal adhesion to bone matrix and active bone resorption via inhibition of diffuse cloud-associated αvß3 integrin and core-linked CD44.

Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin Suppresses Monocyte Adhesion by Reducing Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Cellular Stiffening.

Endothelial cellular stiffening has been observed not only in inflamed cultured endothelial cells but also in the endothelium of atherosclerotic regions, which is an underlying cause of monocyte adhesion and accumulation. Although recombinant soluble thrombomodulin (rsTM) has been reported to suppress the inflammatory response of endothelial cells, its role in regulating endothelial cellular stiffness remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of anticoagulant rsTM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cellular stiffening. We show that LPS increases endothelial cellular stiffness by using atomic force microscopy and that rsTM reduces LPS-induced cellular stiffening not only through the attenuation of actin fiber and focal adhesion formation but also via the improvement of gap junction functionality. Moreover, post-administration of rsTM, after LPS stimulation, attenuated LPS-induced cellular stiffening. We also found that endothelial cells regulate leukocyte adhesion in a substrate- and cellular stiffness-dependent manner. Our result show that LPS-induced cellular stiffening enhances monocytic THP-1 cell line adhesion, whereas rsTM suppresses THP-1 cell adhesion to inflamed endothelial cells by reducing cellular stiffness. Endothelial cells increase cellular stiffness in reaction to inflammation, thereby promoting monocyte adhesion. Treatment of rsTM reduced LPS-induced cellular stiffening and suppressed monocyte adhesion in a cellular stiffness-dependent manner.